.\"	$OpenBSD: cvs.1,v 1.127 2011/03/26 20:47:57 jmc Exp $
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 2004 Jean-Francois Brousseau <jfb@openbsd.org>
.\" Copyright (c) 2004-2008 Xavier Santolaria <xsa@openbsd.org>
.\" All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\"
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
.\"    derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
.\" INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
.\" AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL
.\" THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
.\" EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL  DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
.\" PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS;
.\" OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
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.\"
.Dd $Mdocdate: March 26 2011 $
.Dt CVS 1
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm cvs
.Nd OpenCVS Concurrent Versioning System
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm
.Bk -words
.Op Fl flnQqRrtVvw
.Op Fl d Ar root
.Op Fl e Ar editor
.Xo
.Oo Fl s
.Ar var Ns = Ns Ar val Oc
.Xc
.Op Fl T Ar tmpdir
.Op Fl z Ar level
.Ar command ...
.Ek
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm
program acts as both client and server for the use of and administration of
a CVS source repository.
CVS is used to maintain version information on files that are kept in a
repository.
Although it is more commonly used to track changes in source code, there
are no real limitations to the type of files that can be stored in a
repository.
For a general introduction to CVS, see
.Xr cvsintro 7 .
.Pp
.Nm
reads its startup configuration file,
.Pa .cvsrc ,
from the home directory of the user who invoked it.
This file is used to specify implicit options passed to
.Nm
or one of its commands whenever it is invoked.
The defaults in the configuration file can be overridden with the
.Fl f
option (see below).
See
.Xr cvs 5
for further information.
.Pp
.Nm
also supports
keyword substitution \(en
see the
.Xr rcs 1
man page for more information.
.Pp
The following options are supported:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Fl d Ar root
Use
.Ar root
as the path to the root directory of the CVS repository.
The value must specify an absolute path.
.It Fl e Ar editor
Use the program
.Ar editor
whenever editing log information.
This option overrides the environment variables CVSEDITOR, VISUAL, and EDITOR.
.It Fl f
Do not read the user's configuration file on startup.
.It Fl l
Suppress logging of history information.
.It Fl n
Dry-run mode.
Show which files will be used by the command issued
without really running it.
.It Fl Q
Be extra quiet.
Only error messages will be displayed.
.It Fl q
Be quiet about reporting.
.It Fl R
Permit checkout from a read-only repository.
Implies
.Fl l .
See also
.Ev CVSREADONLYFS ,
below.
.It Fl r
Extract files in read-only mode.
.It Fl s Ar var Ns = Ns Ar val
Set the value of the internal variable
.Ar var
to the string
.Ar val .
.It Fl T Ar tmpdir
Set the value of the directory where temporary files are to be created.
The default is set to
.Pa /tmp .
This option overrides the
.Ev TMPDIR
environment variable.
.It Fl t
Trace program execution.
.It Fl V
Verbose mode.
All messages will be displayed.
This is the default.
.Fl V
and
.Fl Q
are mutually exclusive.
If both are specified,
.Fl Q
takes precedence.
.It Fl v
Display version information and exit.
.It Fl w
Extract new files in read-write mode.
Overrides the setting of the
.Ev CVSREAD
environment variable.
This is the default unless
.Ev CVSREAD
is set or the
.Fl r
option is specified.
.It Fl z Ar level
Specify the compression level to
.Xr gzip 1
when transferring files.
The compression level ranges from 1 to 9,
with 1 being the fastest,
and 9 providing the best level of compression.
The default is 6.
.El
.Sh COMMANDS
.Nm
supports the following commands:
add,
admin,
annotate,
checkout,
commit,
diff,
edit,
editors,
export,
history,
import,
init,
kserver,
log,
rannotate,
rdiff,
release,
remove,
rlog,
rtag,
server,
status,
tag,
unedit,
update,
version,
watch,
watchers.
The commands are fully explained in this section.
.Pp
Files may be selected by
.Em revision
or, where no revision is specified,
the latest revision of the default branch is used.
Revisions are specified either by using the
.Fl r
option or
by appending the revision number to any option that supports it.
.Pp
.Nm
supports the notion of
.Em state .
The state is an arbitrary string of characters used to describe a file
(or a specific revision of a file).
States can be set or changed using the
.Fl s
option, for CVS tools which support it.
The state of a file/revision can be modified without having to
.Ic commit
a new file/revision.
The default state is
.Sq Exp
(Experimental).
Examples of states could be
.Sq Dev ,
.Sq Reviewed ,
or
.Sq Stab .
.Ss add
Before a file is known to
.Nm ,
it must be added to the repository using this command.
Adding a file does not actually publish the contents of the
file: the
.Ic commit
command must also be used to publish it into the repository,
and thus let others access the file.
.Pp
Note: since directories have no versioning system, it is sufficient
to add them with the
.Ic add
command alone; the
.Ic commit
command is not necessary.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
usage: cvs add [-k mode] [-m msg] file ...
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Ic add
command takes the following options:
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset 3n
.It Fl k Ar mode
Specify the keyword substitution mode.
.It Fl m Ar msg
Attach log message
.Ar msg .
By default, no log message is required.
.El
.Pp
Aliases:
.Ic ad ,
.Ic new .
.Ss admin
The
.Ic admin
command is used to directly modify the RCS files.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
usage: cvs admin [-Iq] [-b branch] [-k mode] [-m rev:msg]
                 [-N tag[:rev]] [-n tag[:rev]] [-o rev]
                 [-s state[:rev]] [-t file | str]
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Ic admin
command takes the following options:
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset 3n
.It Fl b Ar branch
Set the default branch to
.Ar branch .
.It Fl I
Command is interactive.
.It Fl k Ar mode
Specify the keyword substitution mode.
.It Fl m Ar rev : Ns Ar msg
Change the log message of a revision.
.It Xo Fl N
.Ar tag Ns Op : Ns Ar rev
.Xc
Same as
.Fl n ,
but override tag if it already exists.
.It Xo Fl n
.Ar tag Ns Op : Ns Ar rev
.Xc
Associate the
.Ar tag
with the
.Ar rev
or the branch given as argument.
If the revision or the branch is not specified, the tag is deleted.
The
.Sq \&:
character means the association of the tag and the latest revision of
the default branch.
A branch number ending with the
.Sq \&.
character means the current latest revision in the branch.
This option is functionally the same as the
.Ic rtag
command, but it avoids the check of the tags done with the
.Pa CVSROOT/taginfo
file.
.It Fl o Ar rev
Delete one or more revisions.
The specifications of the values or revisions are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It rev
Specific revision.
.It rev1:rev2
Delete all revisions of a branch between
.Ar rev1
and
.Ar rev2 .
.It rev1::rev2
Delete all revisions of a branch between
.Ar rev1
and
.Ar rev2
without deleting revisions
.Ar rev1
and
.Ar rev2 .
.It :rev
Delete all revisions of the branch until revision
.Ar rev .
.It rev:
Delete all revisions of the branch from revision
.Ar rev
until the last revision of the branch.
.El
.It Fl q
Quiet mode.
.It Xo Fl s
.Ar state Ns Op : Ns Ar rev
.Xc
Change state of a revision.
.It Fl t Ar file \*(Ba Ar str
Change the descriptive text.
The descriptive text is taken from the
.Ar file
specified as argument or from the string
.Ar str
given as argument if it is preceded by the
.Sq -
character.
If no argument is used, the descriptive text is taken from standard input.
.El
.Pp
Aliases:
.Ic adm ,
.Ic rcs .
.Ss annotate
For each line of any files specified, show information about its
last revision.
The information given is the last revision when a modification occurred,
the author's name, and the date of the revision.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
usage: cvs annotate [-flR] [-D date | -r rev] [file ...]
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Ic annotate
command takes the following options:
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset 3n
.It Fl D Ar date
Show the annotations as of the latest revision no later than
.Ar date .
.It Fl f
Force the use of the head revision if the specified
tag or date is not found.
This can be used in combination with
.Fl D
or
.Fl r
to ensure that there is some output from the
.Ic annotate
command, even if only to show Revision 1.1 of the file.
.It Fl l
Limit the scope of the search to the local directory
only and disable recursive behaviour.
.It Fl R
Enable recursive behaviour.
This is the default.
.It Fl r Ar rev
Show annotations as of revision
.Ar rev
(can be a revision number or a tag).
.El
.Pp
Aliases:
.Ic ann ,
.Ic blame .
.Ss checkout
The
.Ic checkout
command is used to create a local copy of one or more modules present on the
target CVS repository.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
usage: cvs checkout [-AcflNnPpRs] [-d dir] [-j rev] [-k mode]
                    -D date | -r rev module ...
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Ic checkout
command takes the following options:
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset 3n
.It Fl A
Reset any sticky tags, dates, or keyword substitution modes that
have been set on the tree.
.It Fl c
Display the list of available modules.
.It Fl D Ar date
Check out as of the latest revision no later than
.Ar date
(implies
.Fl P )
(is sticky).
.It Fl d Ar dir
Check out in directory
.Ar dir
instead of the directory bearing the same name as the
.Ar module .
.It Fl f
Force the use of the head revision if the specified
tag or date is not found.
.It Fl j Ar rev
Merge in changes made between current revision and
.Ar rev .
If two
.Fl j
options are specified, only merge the differences between the two
revisions of the branch.
This allows successive merges without having to resolve
already resolved conflicts again.
.It Fl k Ar mode
Specify the keyword substitution mode (is sticky).
.It Fl l
Limit the scope of the search to the local directory
only and disable recursive behaviour.
.It Fl N
If used in conjunction with the
.Fl d
option, files are placed in local directory
.Ar module ,
located in directory
.Ar dir .
.It Fl n
Do not execute programs listed in the
.Pa CVSROOT/modules
file.
.It Fl P
Prune empty directories.
.It Fl p
Check out files to standard output (avoids stickiness).
.It Fl R
Enable recursive behaviour.
This is the default.
.It Fl r Ar rev
Check out from a particular revision or branch (implies
.Fl P )
(is sticky).
.It Fl s
Like
.Fl c ,
but include module status.
.El
.Pp
Aliases:
.Ic co ,
.Ic get .
.Ss commit
The
.Ic commit
command is used to send local changes back to the server and update the
repository's information to reflect the changes.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
usage: cvs commit [-flnR] [-F logfile | -m msg] [-r rev] [file ...]
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Ic commit
command takes the following options:
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset 3n
.It Fl F Ar logfile
Specify a
.Ar file
which contains the log message.
.It Fl f
Force a file to be committed, even though it is unchanged.
.It Fl l
Limit the scope of the search to the local directory
only and disable recursive behaviour.
.It Fl m Ar msg
Specify a log message on the command line (suppresses the editor invocation).
.It Fl n
Do not execute programs listed in the
.Pa CVSROOT/modules
file.
.It Fl R
Enable recursive behaviour.
This is the default.
.It Fl r Ar rev
Commit to a particular symbolic or numerical revision.
.El
.Pp
Aliases:
.Ic ci ,
.Ic com .
.Ss diff
The
.Ic diff
command is very similar to the
.Xr diff 1
program, except that the differential comparisons that it generates are
between local or remote revisions of files stored in the CVS repository.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
usage: cvs diff [-abcdilNnpRuw]
                [[-D date1 | -r rev1] [-D date2 | -r rev2]]
                [-k mode] [file ...]
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Ic diff
command takes the following options:
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset 3n
.It Fl a
Treat all files as ASCII text.
See
.Xr diff 1
for more information.
.It Fl b
Causes trailing blanks (spaces and tabs) to be ignored, and other
strings of blanks to compare equal.
.It Fl c
Produces a diff with three lines of context.
See
.Xr diff 1
for more information.
.It Xo Fl D Ar date1
.Op Fl D Ar date2
.Xc
Differences between the revision at
.Ar date1
and the working copy or
.Ar date1
and
.Ar date2
(if specified).
.It Fl d
Try very hard to produce a diff as small as possible.
See
.Xr diff 1
for more information.
.It Fl i
Ignore the case of letters.
For example,
.Sq A
will compare equal to
.Sq a .
.It Fl k Ar mode
Specify the keyword substitution mode.
.It Fl l
Limit the scope of the search to the local directory
only and disable recursive behaviour.
.It Fl N
Include added or removed files.
.It Fl n
Produces a diff in the same format as that used by
.Xr rcsdiff 1 ,
with a count of changed lines on each insert or delete command.
.It Fl p
With unified and context diffs, show with each change the first
40 characters of the last line before the context beginning with
a letter, an underscore or a dollar sign.
See
.Xr diff 1
for more information.
.It Fl R
Enable recursive behaviour.
This is the default.
.It Xo Fl r Ar rev1
.Op Fl r Ar rev2
.Xc
Differences between revision
.Ar rev1
and the working copy or
.Ar rev1
and
.Ar rev2
(if specified).
.It Fl t
Will expand tabs in output lines.
Normal or
.Fl c
output adds character(s) to the front of each line which may screw up
the indentation of the original source lines and make the output listing
difficult to interpret.
This option will preserve the original source's indentation.
.It Fl u
Produces a unified diff with three lines of context.
See
.Xr diff 1
for more information.
.It Fl w
Is similar to
.Fl b
but causes whitespace (blanks and tabs) to be totally ignored.
For example,
.Dq if (\ \&a == b \&)
will compare equal to
.Dq if(a==b) .
.El
.Pp
Aliases:
.Ic di ,
.Ic dif .
.Ss edit
The
.Ic edit
command is used to make a file that is being watched
(and therefore read-only)
readable and writable and to inform others that it is in the
process of being changed.
Notifications terminate when the
.Ic commit
command is issued.
Editing rights on the file can be given up using the
.Ic unedit
command, which terminates the temporary notifications.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
usage: cvs edit [-lR] [-a action] [file ...]
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Ic edit
command takes the following options:
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset 3n
.It Fl a Ar action
Specify the temporary notification wanted:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds -compact
.It Cm commit
Another user has committed changes to the file.
.It Cm edit
Another user has issued the
.Ic edit
command on the file.
.It Cm unedit
Another user has issued the
.Ic unedit
command on the file.
.It Cm all
All of the above.
.It Cm none
None of the above.
.El
.Pp
The
.Fl a
flag may appear more than once, or not at all.
If omitted, the action defaults to
.Cm all .
.It Fl l
Limit the scope of the search to the local directory
only and disable recursive behaviour.
.It Fl R
Enable recursive behaviour.
This is the default.
.El
.Ss editors
The
.Ic editors
command lists the users with edition rights on a file.
For that, pseudo-lock mode must be enabled (see the
.Ic watch
command).
The e-mail address of the user editing the file, the timestamp
when the edition first started, the host from where the edition
has been requested and the path to the edited file are listed.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
usage: cvs editors [-lR] [file ...]
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Ic editors
command takes the following options:
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset 3n
.It Fl l
Limit the scope of the search to the local directory
only and disable recursive behaviour.
.It Fl R
Enable recursive behaviour.
This is the default.
.El
.Ss export
The
.Ic export
command extracts a copy of
.Ar module
without including the directories used for management by
.Nm .
This eases production of a software release.
A date or a revision must be specified for the command to be valid,
which ensures that later extractions can be reproduced with the same
options as the release.
.Pp
The checked out module's files will be placed in a directory
bearing the same name as the checked out module, by default.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
usage: cvs export [-flNnR] [-d dir] [-k mode]
                  -D date | -r rev module ...
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Ic export
command takes the following options:
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset 3n
.It Fl D Ar date
Export as of the latest revision no later than
.Ar date .
.It Fl d Ar dir
Export in directory
.Ar dir
instead of the directory bearing the same name as the
.Ar module .
.It Fl f
Force the use of the head revision if the specified
tag or date is not found.
This can be used in combination with
.Fl D
or
.Fl r
to ensure that the
.Ic export
command is valid.
.It Fl k Ar mode
Specify the keyword substitution mode: the
.Fl k Ar v
option is often used to avoid substitution of keywords during
a release cycle.
However, be aware that it does not handle an export containing
binary files correctly.
.It Fl l
Limit the scope of the search to the local directory
only and disable recursive behaviour.
.It Fl N
If used in conjunction with the
.Fl d
option, files are placed in local directory
.Ar module ,
located in directory
.Ar dir .
.It Fl n
Do not execute programs listed in the
.Pa CVSROOT/modules
file.
.It Fl R
Enable recursive behaviour.
This is the default.
.It Fl r Ar rev
Export from a particular symbolic or numerical revision.
.El
.Pp
Aliases:
.Ic ex ,
.Ic exp .
.Ss history
The
.Ic history
command is used to display the history of actions done in the
base repository.
This functionality is only available if the
.Pa CVSROOT/history
file has been created.
Only the
.Ic checkout ,
.Ic commit ,
.Ic export ,
.Ic release ,
.Ic rtag ,
and
.Ic update
commands are logged into this file.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
usage: cvs history [-aceloTw] [-b str] [-D date] [-f file]
                   [-m module] [-n module] [-p path] [-r rev]
                   [-t tag] [-u user] [-x ACEFGMORTUW] [-z tz]
                   [file ...]
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Ic history
command takes the following options:
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset 3n
.It Fl a
Display records for all users.
By default, only records from the user issuing the
.Ic history
command are displayed.
.It Fl b Ar str
Display everything back to a record containing the string
.Ar str
in either the module name, the file name, or the repository path.
.It Fl c
Display the archived files
.Pf ( Ic commit
command).
.It Fl D Ar date
Report no later than
.Ar date .
.It Fl e
Select all records (same as
.Fl x
with all types).
.It Fl f Ar file
Display records related to
.Ar file .
.It Fl l
Show last checkouts of modules with the
.Ic checkout
command.
.It Fl m Ar module
Look for the
.Ar module
(can be used several times).
.It Fl n Ar module
Search into the
.Ar module .
.It Fl o
Report on modules checked out by users.
.It Fl p Ar path
Display records from the base repository being in the directory
specified by the
.Ar path .
.It Fl r Ar rev
Report for a particular revision (checks in the RCS file).
.It Fl T
Report on all tags.
.It Fl t Ar tag
Report since tag record placed in the
.Pa CVSROOT/history
file by any user.
.It Fl u Ar user
Report for a specified
.Ar user .
Can be used several times to match many users.
.It Fl w
Check that records match the current working directory.
.It Fl x Ar ACEFGMORTUW
Extract by a specific record type specified by a single letter.
They can be used in combination.
The available types are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It A
A file has been added with the
.Ic add
command.
.It C
A merge has been done, but unresolved conflicts still remain.
.It E
Export.
.It F
Release.
.It G
A merge has been done without conflict.
.It M
A file has been modified (using the
.Ic commit
command).
.It O
Checkout.
.It R
A file has been removed with the
.Ic remove
command.
.It T
Rtag.
.It U
Normal update.
.It W
The file has been deleted from the directory because it does not
exist anymore in the base repository.
.El
.It Fl z Ar tz
Display records with the time synchronized with timezone
.Ar tz .
.El
.Pp
All records have the following five first columns:
.Pp
.Bl -dash -compact
.It
The record type (the
.Fl x
option).
.It
The date of the action.
.It
The time of the action.
.It
The time zone.
.It
The user who made the action.
.El
.Pp
The other columns vary depending on the command issued:
.Pp
For records coming from the
.Ic rtag
command, the additional columns are as follows:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
<module> [<tag>:<argument>] {<working directory>}
.Ed
.Pp
For records coming from the
.Ic checkout
and
.Ic export
commands, the additional columns are as follows:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
<request> <repository> =<module>= <working directory>
.Ed
.Pp
For records coming from the
.Ic release
command, the additional columns are as follows:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
=<module>= <working directory>
.Ed
.Pp
For records coming from the
.Ic commit
and
.Ic update
commands, the additional columns are as follows:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
<version> <file> <module> == <working directory>
.Ed
.Pp
Aliases:
.Ic hi ,
.Ic his .
.Ss import
Import sources into CVS using vendor branches.
.Pp
At least three arguments are required:
.Ar module
specifies the location of the sources to be imported;
.Ar vendortag
is a tag for the entire branch;
.Ar releasetag
is used to identify the files created with
.Ic cvs import .
.Bd -literal -offset indent
usage: cvs import [-d] [-b branch] [-I ign] [-k mode] [-m msg]
                  [-W spec] module vendortag releasetag
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Ic import
command takes the following options:
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset 3n
.It Fl b Ar branch
Specify the first-level branch number.
.It Fl d
Use the file's last modification time as the timestamp for the
initial revisions.
.It Fl I Ar ign
Ignore files specified by
.Ar ign .
This option can be used several times on the command line.
To see all files, use the
.Fl I Ar !\&
specification.
.It Fl k Ar mode
Specify the keyword substitution mode (is sticky).
.It Fl m Ar msg
Specify the log message to send.
.It Fl W Ar spec
Wrappers specification line.
.El
.Pp
Aliases:
.Ic im ,
.Ic imp .
.Ss init
Create a CVS repository if it doesn't exist.
.Ss kserver
Start a Kerberos authentication server.
.Ss log
The
.Ic log
command displays information on a
.Ar file
such as its different revisions, description, different tags,
as well as the comments, dates, and authors of these revisions.
By default, the
.Ic log
command displays all the available information; the options are only
used to restrict the displayed information.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
usage: cvs log [-bhlNRt] [-d dates] [-r revs] [-s state]
               [-w users] [file ...]
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Ic log
command takes the following options:
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset 3n
.It Fl b
List revisions of the default branch only.
.It Fl d Ar dates
Specify revisions with dates matching the specification.
The specification might be as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It date1<date2 or date2>date1
Select all revisions between
.Ar date1
and
.Ar date2 .
.It <date or date>
Select all revisions before
.Ar date .
.It >date or date<
Select all revisions after
.Ar date .
.It date
Select the latest revision before or equal to
.Ar date .
.El
.Pp
The
.Sq \*(Gt
and
.Sq \*(Lt
characters can be followed by the
.Sq =
character to imply an inclusive specification.
Several specifications can be used by separating them with the
.Sq \&;
character.
.It Fl h
Print header only.
.It Fl l
Limit the scope of the search to the local directory only.
.It Fl N
Do not list tags.
.It Fl R
Print name of RCS file only.
.It Fl r Ar revs
Specify revision(s) to list:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It rev1,rev2,...
A list of revisions is specified by separating names or numbers
of revisions by the
.Sq \&,
character.
.It rev1:rev2
List all revisions between
.Ar rev1
and
.Ar rev2
(they must be on the same branch).
.It :rev
List all revisions since the beginning of the branch until
.Ar rev
included.
.It rev:
List all revisions of the branch beginning with
.Ar rev .
.It branch
List all revisions of a branch.
.It branch.
List the latest revision of the branch
.Ar branch .
.It branch1:branch2
List all revisions of branches between
.Ar branch1
and
.Ar branch2 .
.El
.Pp
Without argument, the
.Fl r
option means the latest revision of the default branch.
.It Fl s Ar state
List revisions of the specified
.Ar state
only.
Several states can be listed by separating them with the
.Sq \&,
character.
.It Fl t
Print header and description only.
.It Fl w Ar users
Do not list revisions made by specified
.Ar users .
Usernames should be separated by the
.Sq \&,
character.
.El
.Pp
Aliases:
.Ic lo .
.Ss rannotate
For each line of any files specified, show information about its
last revision.
The information given is the last revision when a modification occurred,
the author's name, and the date of the revision.
This command does not need a local checkout of the repository
to work.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
usage: cvs rannotate [-flR] [-D date | -r rev] module ...
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Ic rannotate
command takes the following options:
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset 3n
.It Fl D Ar date
Show the annotations as of the latest revision no later than
.Ar date .
.It Fl f
Force the use of the head revision if the specified
tag or date is not found.
This can be used in combination with
.Fl D
or
.Fl r
to ensure that there is some output from the
.Ic rannotate
command, even if only to show Revision 1.1 of the file.
.It Fl l
Limit the scope of the search to the local directory
only and disable recursive behaviour.
.It Fl R
Enable recursive behaviour.
This is the default.
.It Fl r Ar rev
Show annotations as of revision
.Ar rev
(can be a revision number or a tag).
.El
.Pp
Aliases:
.Ic rann ,
.Ic ra .
.Ss rdiff
The
.Ic rdiff
command lists differences between two revisions in a
.Xr patch 1
compatible format.
This command does not need a local checkout of the repository
to work.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
usage: cvs rdiff [-flR] [-c | -u] [-s | -t] [-V ver]
                 -D date | -r rev [-D date2 | -r rev2]
                 module ...
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Ic rdiff
command takes the following options:
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset 3n
.It Fl c
Produces a diff with three lines of context.
See
.Xr diff 1
for more information.
This is the default.
.It Xo Fl D Ar date
.Op Fl D Ar date2
.Xc
Differences between the revision at
.Ar date
and the working copy or
.Ar date
and
.Ar date2
(if specified).
.It Fl f
Force the use of the head revision if the specified
date or revision is not found.
.It Fl l
Limit the scope of the search to the local directory
only and disable recursive behaviour.
.It Fl R
Enable recursive behaviour.
This is the default.
.It Xo Fl r Ar rev
.Op Fl r Ar rev2
.Xc
Differences between revision
.Ar rev
and the working copy or
.Ar rev
and
.Ar rev2
(if specified).
.It Fl s
Create a summary change instead of a whole patch.
.It Fl t
Lists differences between the last two revisions of each file.
.It Fl u
Produces a diff in unidiff format.
.It Fl V Ar ver
Use the RCS version
.Ar ver
for keyword substitution.
.El
.Pp
Aliases:
.Ic pa ,
.Ic patch .
.Ss release
The
.Ic release
command indicates to
.Nm
that the working copy of a module is no longer in use and checks
that non archived modifications in the base repository do exist.
This command is not mandatory.
Local directories could always be removed without using it, but
in this case the handling of history information will no longer be
correct (see the
.Ic history
command).
.Bd -literal -offset indent
usage: cvs release [-d] dir ...
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Ic release
command takes the following options:
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset 3n
.It Fl d Ar dir
Remove the directory
.Ar dir .
Be aware that this option silently removes any directories that have
been added to the local working copy without using the
.Ic add
command.
.El
.Pp
For each file not being synchronized with the base repository,
a single letter prefix is given to specify the state of the file.
The possible prefixes are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It \&?
The file is unknown to
.Nm
and is not in the list of files to ignore.
Any new directories which have not been added with the
.Ic add
command are silently ignored as well as their content.
.It A
The file has been added with the
.Ic add
command, but has not been committed to the repository with the
.Ic commit
command.
.It M
The file has been locally modified; a more recent version might
exist in the base repository.
.It R
The file has been removed with the
.Ic remove
command, but has not been committed to the repository with the
.Ic commit
command.
.It U
A more recent version of the file does exist but it is not
locally up to date.
.El
.Pp
Aliases:
.Ic re ,
.Ic rel .
.Ss remove
The
.Ic remove
command is used to inform
.Nm
that
.Ar file
is scheduled to be removed from the repository.
Files are not actually removed from the repository until the
.Ic commit
command has been run subsequently.
.Pp
There is no way to remove a directory with the
.Ic remove
command.
.Nm
will only remove a directory if it is empty and if the
.Ic checkout
or
.Ic update
commands are run with the
.Fl P
option.
(Note that the
.Ic export
command always removes empty directories.)
.Bd -literal -offset indent
usage: cvs remove [-flR] [file ...]
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Ic remove
command takes the following options:
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset 3n
.It Fl f
Force local file removal.
If this flag is not used, the file must be locally removed beforehand for
the command to be valid.
.It Fl l
Limit the scope of the search to the local directory
only and disable recursive behaviour.
.It Fl R
Enable recursive behaviour.
This is the default.
.El
.Pp
Aliases:
.Ic rm ,
.Ic delete .
.Ss rlog
The
.Ic rlog
command displays information on a
.Ar file
such as its different revisions, description, different tags,
as well as the comments, dates, and authors of these revisions.
By default, the
.Ic rlog
command displays all the available information; the options are only
used to restrict the displayed information.
This command does not need a local checkout of the repository
to work.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
usage: cvs rlog [-bhlNRt] [-d dates] [-r revs] [-s state]
               [-w users] module ...
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Ic rlog
command takes the following options:
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset 3n
.It Fl b
List revisions of the default branch only.
.It Fl d Ar dates
Specify revisions with dates matching the specification.
The specification might be as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It date1<date2 or date2>date1
Select all revisions between
.Ar date1
and
.Ar date2 .
.It <date or date>
Select all revisions before
.Ar date .
.It >date or date<
Select all revisions after
.Ar date .
.It date
Select the latest revision before or equal to
.Ar date .
.El
.Pp
The
.Sq \*(Gt
and
.Sq \*(Lt
characters can be followed by the
.Sq =
character to imply an inclusive specification.
Several specifications can be used by separating them with the
.Sq \&;
character.
.It Fl h
Print header only.
.It Fl l
Limit the scope of the search to the local directory only.
.It Fl N
Do not list tags.
.It Fl R
Print name of RCS file only.
.It Fl r Ar revs
Specify revision(s) to list:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It rev1,rev2,...
A list of revisions is specified by separating names or numbers
of revisions by the
.Sq \&,
character.
.It rev1:rev2
List all revisions between
.Ar rev1
and
.Ar rev2
(they must be on the same branch).
.It :rev
List all revisions since the beginning of the branch until
.Ar rev
included.
.It rev:
List all revisions of the branch beginning with
.Ar rev .
.It branch
List all revisions of a branch.
.It branch.
List the latest revision of the branch
.Ar branch .
.It branch1:branch2
List all revisions of branches between
.Ar branch1
and
.Ar branch2 .
.El
.Pp
Without argument, the
.Fl r
option means the latest revision of the default branch.
.It Fl s Ar state
List revisions of the specified
.Ar state
only.
Several states can be listed by separating them with the
.Sq \&,
character.
.It Fl t
Print header and description only.
.It Fl w Ar users
Do not list revisions made by specified
.Ar users .
Usernames should be separated by the
.Sq \&,
character.
.El
.Pp
Aliases:
.Ic rlo .
.Ss rtag
The
.Ic rtag
command adds a symbolic tag to one or more modules.
It is often used to create a new branch using the
.Fl b
option.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
usage: cvs rtag [-abdFflnR] [-D date | -r rev]
                symbolic_tag module ...
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Ic rtag
command takes the following options:
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset 3n
.It Fl a
Clear tag from files already removed with the
.Ic remove
command.
.It Fl b
Create a branch.
.It Fl D Ar date
Tag the most recent revision before
.Ar date .
.It Fl d
Delete tag.
.It Fl F
Move tag if it already exists.
If this option is not used and a tag is used a second time,
.Nm
will not execute the action.
.It Fl f
Force the use of the head revision if the specified
revision or date is not found.
.It Fl l
Limit the scope of the search to the local directory
only and disable recursive behaviour.
.It Fl n
Do not execute programs listed in the
.Pa CVSROOT/modules
file.
.It Fl R
Enable recursive behaviour.
This is the default.
.It Fl r Ar rev
Tag at revision
.Ar rev .
.El
.Pp
Aliases:
.Ic rt ,
.Ic rfreeze .
.Ss server
Server mode.
.Ss status
The
.Ic status
command is used to display the state of checked out files.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
usage: cvs status [-lRv] [file ...]
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Ic status
command takes the following options:
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset 3n
.It Fl l
Limit the scope of the search to the local directory
only and disable recursive behaviour.
.It Fl R
Enable recursive behaviour.
This is the default.
.It Fl v
Display symbolic tags for
.Ar file .
.Pp
The state may be one of the following:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Cm Locally Added
The file has been added with the
.Ic add
command, but has not been committed to the repository with the
.Ic commit
command.
.It Cm Locally Modified
The file is up to date, but has been locally modified.
.It Cm Locally Removed
The file has been removed with the
.Ic remove
command, but has not been committed to the repository with the
.Ic commit
command.
.It Cm Needs Checkout
The file has not been modified; a new version is available.
.It Cm Needs Merge
The file has been modified and a newer version is available.
.It Cm Needs Patch
Same as
.Ic Needs Checkout
but, in client-server mode, only the differences are sent to save
network resources.
.It Cm Unresolved Conflict
A merge has been done, but unresolved conflicts still remain.
.It Cm Up-to-date
The file is up to date.
.El
.El
.Pp
Aliases:
.Ic st ,
.Ic stat .
.Ss tag
The
.Ic tag
command adds a symbolic tag to a checked out version of one or more files.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
usage: cvs tag [-bcdFflR] [-D date | -r rev] [symbolic_tag]
               [file ...]
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Ic tag
command takes the following options:
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset 3n
.It Fl b
Create a branch.
.It Fl c
Check that working files are not modified.
.It Fl D Ar date
Tag the most recent revision before
.Ar date .
.It Fl d
Delete tag.
.It Fl F
Move tag if it already exists.
If this option is not used and a tag is used a second time,
.Nm
will not execute the action.
.It Fl f
Force the use of the head revision if the specified
revision or date is not found.
.It Fl l
Limit the scope of the search to the local directory
only and disable recursive behaviour.
.It Fl R
Enable recursive behaviour.
This is the default.
.It Fl r Ar rev
Tag at revision
.Ar rev .
.El
.Pp
Aliases:
.Ic ta ,
.Ic freeze .
.Ss unedit
The
.Ic unedit
command is used to give up an edition on a file and thus cancel
the wanted temporary notifications.
If the file has been modified since the
.Ic edit
command has been issued,
.Nm
will ask if it should go back to the previous version, and lose the
modifications done on the file, or stay in edition mode on it.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
usage: cvs unedit [-lR] [file ...]
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Ic unedit
command takes the following options:
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset 3n
.It Fl l
Limit the scope of the search to the local directory
only and disable recursive behaviour.
.It Fl R
Enable recursive behaviour.
This is the default.
.El
.Ss update
The
.Ic update
command is used to merge any of the changes that have occurred on the remote
repository into the local one where the command was run.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
usage: cvs update [-ACdflPpR] [-D date | -r rev] [-I ign]
                  [-j rev] [-k mode] [-W spec] [file ...]
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Ic update
command takes the following options:
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset 3n
.It Fl A
Reset any sticky tags, dates, or keyword substitution modes that
have been set on the tree.
.It Fl C
Overwrite locally modified files with clean repository copies.
.It Fl D Ar date
Update as of the latest revision no later than
.Ar date
(is sticky).
.It Fl d
Create any new directories.
Without this option,
.Nm
does not create any new files sitting in these new directories
added in the base repository since the last update of the working
copy, or since the last update with the
.Fl d
option.
.It Fl f
Force the use of the head revision if the specified
tag or date is not found.
.It Fl I Ar ign
Ignore files specified by
.Ar ign .
This option can be used several times on the command line.
To see all files, use the
.Fl I Ar !\&
specification.
.It Fl j Ar rev
Merge in changes made between current revision and
.Ar rev .
If two
.Fl j
options are specified, only merge the differences between the two
revisions of the branch.
This allows successive merges without having to resolve
already resolved conflicts again.
.It Fl k Ar mode
Specify the keyword substitution mode (is sticky).
.It Fl l
Limit the scope of the search to the local directory
only and disable recursive behaviour.
.It Fl P
Prune any directories that have become empty as a result of the update.
.It Fl p
Send the result of the update to standard output (avoids stickiness).
.It Fl R
Enable recursive behaviour.
This is the default.
.It Fl r Ar rev
Update from a particular revision or branch (is sticky).
.It Fl W Ar spec
Wrappers specification line.
.El
.Pp
By default, the
.Ic update
command does not create new directories; the
.Fl d
option must be used for that.
.Pp
For each file updated, a single letter prefix is given to
specify the state of the file.
The possible prefixes are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It \&?
The file is unknown to
.Nm .
.It A
The file has been added with the
.Ic add
command, but has not been committed to the repository with the
.Ic commit
command.
.It C
A merge, with a more recent version of the file, has been done,
but unresolved conflicts still remain.
.It M
The file has been locally modified; if a more recent version
is available, the merge has been done without conflict.
.It P
The same as
.Sq U ,
but, in client-server mode, only differences are sent to save network
resources.
.It R
The file has been removed with the
.Ic remove
command, but has not been committed to the repository with the
.Ic commit
command.
.It U
The file is up to date.
.El
.Pp
Aliases:
.Ic up ,
.Ic upd .
.Ss version
Causes
.Nm
to print its version information.
If this command is issued within a local copy of a remote repository or
if either the
.Ev CVSROOT
environment variable or the
.Fl d
flag specify a remote repository,
.Nm
will also connect to the server and ask it to print its version information.
.Pp
Aliases:
.Ic ve ,
.Ic ver .
.Ss watch
The
.Ic watch
command switches a file from normal mode to
pseudo-lock mode as well as handling the notifications associated
with it.
Pseudo-lock mode means knowing who is editing a file:
for that,
.Nm
extracts the file in read-only mode.
Users must use the
.Ic edit
command to get the editing rights on the file.
.Pp
One of the following arguments to the
.Ic watch
command is mandatory: on, off, add, or remove.
.Ar on
switches the file into pseudo-lock mode;
.Ar off
switches it back to normal mode;
.Ar add
adds notifications for specific actions on the file;
.Ar remove
removes those notifications.
.Pp
The notifications are permanent.
They remain in place until the
.Ic watch remove
command is issued while the temporary notifications are
made available with the
.Ic edit
command.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
usage: cvs watch on | off | add | remove [-lR] [-a action]
                 [file ...]
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Ic watch
command takes the following options:
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset 3n
.It Fl a Ar action
Specify the permanent notification wanted for
.Ar add | remove :
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds -compact
.It Cm commit
Another user has committed changes to the file.
.It Cm edit
Another user is editing the file.
.It Cm unedit
Another user has finished editing the file.
.It Cm all
All of the above.
.It Cm none
No notification.
.El
.Pp
If no specification is requested using the
.Ar add
or
.Ar remove
arguments, it implies the
.Fl a Ar all
option.
.It Fl l
Limit the scope of the search to the local directory
only and disable recursive behaviour.
.It Fl R
Enable recursive behaviour.
This is the default.
.El
.Ss watchers
The
.Ic watchers
command lists the users who asked for notifications as well as the
notification details.
The possible notifications are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Cm commit
Permanent watch of a commit of a new version of a file.
.It Cm edit
Permanent watch of the start of file edition.
.It Cm tcommit
Temporary watch of a commit of new version of a file.
.It Cm tedit
Temporary watch of the start of file edition.
.It Cm tunedit
Temporary watch of the end of file edition.
.It Cm unedit
Permanent watch of the end of file edition.
.El
.Pp
The temporary watches are set using the
.Ic edit
command, until the
.Ic commit
or
.Ic unedit
command is issued on a file.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
usage: cvs watchers [-lR] [file ...]
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Ic watchers
command takes the following options:
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset 3n
.It Fl l
Limit the scope of the search to the local directory
only and disable recursive behaviour.
.It Fl R
Enable recursive behaviour.
This is the default.
.El
.Sh ENVIRONMENT
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Ev CVS_CLIENT_LOG
This variable enables logging of all communications between the client and
server when running in non-local mode.
If set, this environment variable must contain a base path from which two
paths will be generated by appending ".in" to the value for the server's
input and ".out" for the server's output.
.Pp
The path can contain the following substitutes:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
.It %c
the command being run
.It %d
the date
.It %p
the process ID
.It %u
the username of the person running it
.El
.Pp
The substitutes are only supported by OpenCVS.
.It Ev CVS_RSH
Name of the program to use when connecting to the server through a remote
shell.
The default is to use the
.Xr ssh 1
program.
.It Ev CVS_SERVER
If set, gives the name of the program to invoke as a
.Nm
server when using remote shell.
The default is to use `cvs'.
.It Ev CVSEDITOR
Name of the editor to use when editing commit messages.
Checked before
.Ev EDITOR
and
.Ev VISUAL .
.It Ev CVSREAD
If set,
.Nm
extracts files in read-only mode.
.It Ev CVSREADONLYFS
Permit checkout from a read-only repository.
Implies
.Fl l .
See also
.Fl R ,
above.
.It Ev CVSROOT
When set, this variable should contain the string pointing to the root
directory of the CVS repository.
The contents of this variable are ignored when the
.Fl d
option is given or if `Root' files exist in the checked-out copy.
.It Ev EDITOR
Name of the editor to use when editing commit messages.
This is traditionally a line-oriented editor,
such as
.Xr ex 1 .
.It Ev HOME
Directory where the
.Pa .cvsignore
and
.Pa .cvsrc
files are searched for.
.It Ev TMPDIR
When set, this variable specifies the directory where temporary files
are to be created.
The default is set to
.Pa /tmp .
.It Ev VISUAL
Name of the editor to use when editing commit messages.
This is traditionally a screen-oriented editor,
such as
.Xr vi 1 .
.El
.Sh EXIT STATUS
.Ex -std cvs
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr diff 1 ,
.Xr gzip 1 ,
.Xr patch 1 ,
.Xr rcs 1 ,
.Xr cvs 5 ,
.Xr cvsintro 7
.Sh STANDARDS
The flag
.Op Fl x
has no effect and is provided
for compatibility only.
.Sh HISTORY
The OpenCVS project is a BSD-licensed rewrite of the original
Concurrent Versioning System written by Jean-Francois Brousseau.
The original CVS code was written in large parts by Dick Grune,
Brian Berliner and Jeff Polk.
.Sh AUTHORS
.An Jean-Francois Brousseau
.An Vincent Labrecque
.An Joris Vink
.An Xavier Santolaria
.Sh CAVEATS
This CVS implementation does not fully conform to the GNU CVS version.
In some cases, this was done explicitly because GNU CVS has inconsistencies
or ambiguous behaviour.
Some things have also been left out or modified to enhance the overall
security of the system.
.Pp
Among other things, support for the pserver connection mechanism has been
dropped because of security issues with the authentication mechanism.
